BreathCarer: Informal carers of patients with chronic breathlessness: a mixed-methods systematic review of burden, needs, coping, and support interventions

Table 5 Carers´ involvement in dyadic interventions

Authors/Studies	Intervention for	Breathlessness-specific intervention	Intervention helpful for carers	Carers’ involvement
Choratas et al. (2020) [74]	Patients and carers	Yes	Yes	Supportive
Farquhar et al. (2014) [69]	Patients and carers	Yes	Not significant	Supportive
Farquhar et al. (2016) [70]	Patients and carers	Yes	Not significant	Supportive
Given et al. (2006) [75]	Patients and carers	No^a	No	Supportive
Schloesser et al. (2022) [71]	Patients and carers	Yes	Partially yes	Supportive
Schunk et al. (2021) [76]	Patients and carers	Yes	Not significant	Passive
Smallwood et al. (2019) [68]	Patients and carers	Yes	Yes	Almost Active
Swan et al. (2019) [72]	Patients and carers	Yes	Yes	Supportive
Winger et al. (2018) [78]	Patients and carers	Partially Yes^b	Partially yes	Almost Active
Grosbois et al. 2022 [77]	Patients and carers	Yes	Yes	Active

Carers’ involvement:
Passive: In a passive carer role, carers are only passively involved in the intervention. They do not receive any specific interventional parts for themselves. The focus is primarily on evaluating carer´ outcomes related to the care provided to the patient
Supportive: In a supportive carer role, carers are involved in the intervention, but the interventions provided are primarily aimed at supporting the patient's condition. There are no interventional parts specifically designed for the carer themselves. However, through the improved care provided to the patient, carers may experience secondary benefits such as reduced burden or improved caregiving skills
Active: In an active carer role, carers are actively involved in the intervention and receive specific interventions for themselves that primarily benefit them. The interventions may be aimed at addressing carer-specific needs, such as psychological support, education, training or respite care. The focus is on improving the well-being and functioning of both the patient and the carer
^aBreathlessness-specific results
^bSome parts are breathlessness-specific

ISSN: 1472-684X